PS1-13arp

PS1-13arp is classified as a Type II supernova, consistent with core collapse of a massive star that retained hydrogen in its outer envelope. Typical progenitor mass ranges quoted for the class are model expectations, not a measured mass for this star.

The specific progenitor of PS1-13arp has not been observed. Events of this spectroscopic class are generally associated with massive-star core collapse after successive nuclear burning stages (hydrogen → helium → carbon → neon → oxygen → silicon → iron). Typical lifetimes of such progenitors are tens of millions of years, but that is a class expectation—not a measured age or evolutionary track for this star. No pre-explosion imaging identification is cited in the available record for PS1-13arp.

PS1-13arp has a luminosity distance of approximately 2701.2 Million Light-Years (redshift z = 0.167, d_L = 828.2 Mpc). Under a flat ΛCDM cosmology (H₀≈70 km/s/Mpc, Ωₘ≈0.3), the corresponding lookback time is ≈2076 Myr — when the light set out 2076.0 million years ago in deep Precambrian time, well before multicellular animals dominated Earth. Luminosity distance is larger than the light-travel distance because cosmic expansion stretches the path; the two must not be equated.

PS1-13arp exhibits a measured spectroscopic redshift of z = 0.1670. The cockpit reports a user-facing recession velocity of 45,934.2 km/s, computed as the redshift Doppler-equivalent v = c·((1+z)²−1)/((1+z)²+1). Cosmological redshift is not generally equivalent to special-relativistic motion through space; this number is a convenient velocity label for z, not a measured peculiar velocity and not supernova ejecta speed. Bare c·z (≈50,065 km/s) is a different low-z approximation and is not mixed here.

At peak brightness, PS1-13arp achieved an apparent magnitude of 21.58 around 2013/04/15. Corrected for cosmic distance and foreground interstellar dust, its intrinsic absolute magnitude was -17.84. At this peak, the exploding star radiated with the incandescent brilliance of approximately 1.2 billion Suns combined, briefly outshining the cumulative starlight of entire dwarf galaxies!

Core-collapse events of this broad class are often discussed with a ~10⁵³ erg gravitational binding energy of which ~99% may escape as neutrinos—again a class scale, not a measured budget for PS1-13arp.

Spectroscopic line blueshifts imply an ejecta velocity of approximately 45,900 km/s (~15.3% of c) for PS1-13arp. This is distinct from cosmological recession velocity inferred from redshift.

Classified core-collapse light curves are often sustained after peak by radioactive ⁵⁶Ni → ⁵⁶Co → ⁵⁶Fe decay, with typical nickel yields of order 0.05–0.15 solar masses—again a class scale, not a measured yield for PS1-13arp. Shock-breakout heating may dominate the earliest optical flash; without a published bolometric fit, neither nickel mass nor the dominant power source is established for this event.

Events of PS1-13arp's broad spectroscopic class are discussed in galactic chemical evolution as sources of oxygen-group and intermediate-mass elements (and, for some channels, iron-peak material). No measured elemental yields are published for PS1-13arp.

A core-collapse explosion associated with PS1-13arp's class forges an ultra-dense compact stellar remnant at the center of the detonation. If the progenitor had an initial mass under ~20 solar masses, it left behind a neutron star (pulsar)—packing the mass of our entire Sun into a city-sized sphere barely 20 kilometers wide, spinning dozens or hundreds of times per second. If the progenitor exceeded ~25–30 solar masses, gravity overcame neutron degeneracy pressure, creating a permanent stellar-mass black hole.

Supernova remnants in general evolve through free-expansion, Sedov–Taylor, and radiative phases over centuries to millennia, sometimes becoming bright X-ray shells and occasionally compressing nearby molecular clouds. These are standard remnant-evolution models, not forecasts measured for PS1-13arp. Whether this site will trigger star formation, reach particular X-ray temperatures, or match Cassiopeia A depends on local density and magnetic field—none of which are constrained by the data shown here.

No host galaxy is identified for PS1-13arp in this catalog record. A blank host field means the association is unresolved here—it does not establish that the host is uncataloged, resolved in imaging, or securely linked by astrometry. Possible states (unidentified, hostless candidate, imaging detection without a catalog name, or a securely matched cataloged galaxy) require separate evidence that is not present in this field.

In the celestial sphere, PS1-13arp is located at Right Ascension 12:18:25.108 and Declination +46:37:01.30, situated in the constellation Canes Venatici (The Hunting Dogs). Because its declination is +46:37:01.30, it is primarily placed in the Northern celestial hemisphere.

Along this line of sight, the catalog records a Milky Way foreground color excess of E(B−V) = 0.0139 mag (source: published extinction estimate), corresponding to roughly A_V ≈ 0.04 mag for R_V = 3.1. Band-specific corrections (e.g. A_r) differ from A_V and should be applied when available. Map-based values (IRSA / Schlafly & Finkbeiner 2011) must not be claimed unless that map was actually queried.

No calibrated photometry is published for PS1-13arp. Without multi-epoch flux measurements, neither a light curve nor a peak magnitude can be established. Follow-up imaging from survey alert streams would be required to map its brightness evolution.

No spectrum has been published for PS1-13arp. Without spectroscopy, its chemical composition, expansion velocity, and physical classification cannot be established. Classification spectra from follow-up observatories would be required to identify diagnostic absorption and emission lines.

PS1-13arp was officially reported on 2013/04/26 by an automated robotic transient sky survey. Discoveries are typically flagged by high-cadence robotic survey telescopes (such as ATLAS, ZTF, Pan-STARRS, ASAS-SN, or Gaia) and worldwide amateur astronomers scanning the night sky, followed by rapid spectroscopic classification by international observatories.

Data for PS1-13arp are compiled from international astronomical notices, the IAU Transient Name Server (TNS), and peer-reviewed astrophysical journals.

As a core-collapse supernova, PS1-13arp provides independent cosmological distance calibrations via the Expanding Photosphere Method (EPM) and the Standard Candle Method for Type II supernovae (SCM-II). By correlating the physical expansion speed of the photosphere (measured via spectroscopic Doppler shifts) with its photometric color temperature, astronomers determine direct geometric distances independent of secondary distance ladders.

Core-collapse supernovae like PS1-13arp are premier targets for multi-messenger astrophysics! During the collapse of the iron core, an intense burst of 10⁵⁸ neutrinos escaped into space hours before the shock broke out through the stellar surface (as famously seen in SN 1987A). Furthermore, violent core asymmetries and non-axisymmetric core bounce can emit high-frequency gravitational waves detectable by advanced interferometers (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA) for events within the Milky Way and Local Group.

Compared to historical landmarks like SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (168,000 light-years away, naked-eye peak m = 2.9) or the Crab Supernova of 1054 (6,500 light-years away), PS1-13arp occurred at a distance of 2701.2 Million Light-Years. While historical naked-eye supernovae occurred within our Milky Way or its immediate satellites, modern discoveries like PS1-13arp allow astrophysicists to probe diverse galactic environments, metallicities, and stellar populations across the broader universe.

Unknown — no measured brightness. PS1-13arp was discovered 4951 days ago (2013/04/26), but no calibrated photometry is published for it, so its current apparent magnitude cannot be stated. Without a magnitude there is no basis for a telescope-aperture recommendation. Use the coordinates and airmass chart above to plan a follow-up observation and report what you measure.

No, Earth is in zero danger. Supernovae are violent events emitting powerful gamma rays, X-rays, and cosmic rays; however, the astrophysical 'lethal kill zone' for our planet's protective ozone layer is estimated at 50 to 100 light-years. At a distance of 2701.2 Million Light-Years, the inverse-square law dilutes the radiation by quintillions of times, making PS1-13arp completely harmless to our biosphere and purely a fascinating spectacle for human exploration.