sne.space
📡 Radar ❓ FAQs
🔭 Pro Cockpit 📖 Story View
Type Ia Supernova

The Story of Supernova SN2011kc

An extraordinary stellar explosion that occurred Millions of Light-Years away in deep space.

⏱️ ~6 min deep read 🔬 24 Astrophysical Q&As 🔭 Viewing Guide Included 🪐 Constellation Leo Minor
🔭 Deep Field (~2.1′ FOV) · DSS2 Optical (China-VO mirror)
● SN2011kc Explosion Site

High-magnification deep optical view into SN2011kc's host environment. Pan and scroll to explore the cosmic neighborhood where this star exploded.

⚡ Quick Observer Facts & Telemetry

IAU Transients DB
🌐 Distance to Earth
Millions of Light-Years
Lookback Cosmic Time
✨ Peak Brightness
Mag 17.6
Large Observatory
☀️ Peak Radiance
~5.0 Billion Suns
Combined Stellar Energy
🚀 Shock Velocity
Not measured
No spectral ejecta velocity
🌌 Host Galaxy
A103551+4109
Offset: 0.40″
🧭 Constellation
Leo Minor
The Lesser Lion
💥 Explosion Physics
Type Ia
Thermonuclear White Dwarf
📅 Discovered On
2011/12/28
Drake et al.
CHAPTER I

A Type Ia Thermonuclear Explosion

On 2011/12/28, astronomers scanning the heavens flagged a sudden, violent pinpoint of light that had flared into visibility. Designated SN2011kc, it represents a catastrophic stellar explosion classified as a Type Ia supernova.

SN2011kc is spectroscopically classified as Type Ia, consistent with a thermonuclear white-dwarf explosion in A103551+4109. Competing progenitor channels (single-degenerate accretion, double-degenerate merger, sub-Chandrasekhar detonations) remain open; an individual accretion history toward the Chandrasekhar mass is not established for this event.

Astrophysical Mechanism Summary
Type: Type Ia • Progenitor: Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarf (Binary System) • Velocity: Not measured
CHAPTER II

A Message Across Deep Cosmic Time

SN2011kc has a luminosity distance of approximately Millions of Light-Years . Lookback time is unavailable without a usable redshift; do not equate luminosity distance with travel time.

Luminosity distance incorporates cosmic expansion and exceeds the light-travel distance. The two quantities must be reported separately.

CHAPTER III

Brightness Record

At the height of the outburst around 2011/12/27, SN2011kc surged to a peak apparent magnitude of 17.6.

The total energy released by the cataclysm was on the order of 10⁵¹ to 10⁵³ ergs. Virtually all of this was deposited into the kinetic shockwave and radioactive nucleosynthesis.

CHAPTER IV

The Radioactive Furnace: Why Supernovae Glow for Months

After peak, many supernovae are powered by the radioactive chain ⁵⁶Ni → ⁵⁶Co → ⁵⁶Fe. That is the standard model for Type Ia light curves; an object-specific nickel mass for SN2011kc is not published here.

Nickel-56 decays to Cobalt-56 (half-life ≈6.1 days), then to stable Iron-56 (half-life ≈77.2 days), heating the ejecta from within. Typical class yields must not be quoted as measured values for this event.

CHAPTER V

Cosmic Kiln: Seeding the Elements of Life

Supernovae enrich galaxies with heavy elements. Events of SN2011kc's class are associated with iron-peak and intermediate-mass products (Ni/Fe, Si, S, Ca) in galactic chemical-evolution models. No measured elemental yields are published for SN2011kc.

As Carl Sagan observed, "We are made of star-stuff" — a statement about nucleosynthesis in general, not a claim that atoms from this specific remnant are identified in the Solar System.

CHAPTER VI

Galactic Setting in Leo Minor

SN2011kc is associated with cataloged host A103551+4109 , at an offset of 0.40″ from the reported galactic center. In our terrestrial sky, it resides in the constellation Leo Minor (The Lesser Lion) at Right Ascension 10:35:51.00 and Declination +41:09:59.4.

CHAPTER VII

The Scientific Surveillance Campaign

Following its discovery by Drake et al., observatories worldwide swung their lenses toward SN2011kc. In the sne.space, SN2011kc is documented across 0 photometric measurements and 0 spectroscopic epochs. These multi-wavelength observations allow astrophysicists to model the expanding photosphere, measure shock velocities, and probe circumstellar interactions.

CHAPTER VIII

Stargazer's Field Guide: Can You See It Tonight?

Can I see it tonight? Unknown — no measured brightness.

Discovered 14.9 years ago (2011/12/28). No reliable current brightness estimate — no photometry has been published.

Planetary Safety Note: Even though SN2011kc was a titanic explosion, our planet sits safely outside the lethal 50–100 light-year kill zone. At a distance of Millions of Light-Years, the blast poses zero physical hazard to Earth's biosphere.

🌌 Cosmic Neighbors & Contemporaries 105,868+ transients indexed

Cataloged transients closest to SN2011kc in discovery time, spatial sky neighborhood, and cosmological redshift:

⏱️ Closest in Time
CSS111228:095421-011339 Exploded same day
Type Transient 2011/12/28 · Mag 19.2
GRB 111228A Exploded same day
Type LGRB 2011/12/28
MLS111228:035911+152547 Exploded same day
Type Candidate 2011/12/28
🔭 Closest on the Sky
AT2021adwa 13.1′ away
Type Candidate Discovered 2021/11/03
AT2020kmd 30.4′ away
Type Candidate Discovered 2020/05/19
AT2021fza 31.7′ away
Type Candidate Discovered 2021/03/17
🌌 Same Cosmic Era (Redshift)
No redshift match available (target z missing or no comparable redshifts in index).

❓ Frequently Asked Questions About SN2011kc

Scientific & observational Q&As indexed from astronomical databases & the sne.space
🔍 24 of 24
What type of supernova is SN2011kc and what kind of star exploded? Astrophysics & Progenitor
SN2011kc is spectroscopically classified as a Type Ia supernova, consistent with a thermonuclear explosion involving a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. Type Ia events are used as distance indicators via empirical relations such as the Phillips relation, but that cosmological utility does not identify which binary channel (single-degenerate accretion, double-degenerate merger, or sub-Chandrasekhar detonation) produced this object.
What was the progenitor star doing in the millions of years leading up to SN2011kc? Astrophysics & Progenitor
No unique progenitor history is established for SN2011kc. Type Ia spectral classification is consistent with a thermonuclear explosion of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, but it does not identify which binary pathway produced this event. Leading models include single-degenerate accretion toward the Chandrasekhar mass, double-degenerate white-dwarf mergers, and sub-Chandrasekhar helium-shell detonations. Distinguishing these requires population statistics, early-time spectra, or remnant searches that are not established for this individual object. Claims that this white dwarf accreted for millions of years, or that it approached 1.4 solar masses, are general theory—not documented facts about SN2011kc.
How far away is SN2011kc from Earth and how old is the light reaching us? Cosmic Distance & Time
The distance to SN2011kc has not been measured. No spectroscopic redshift or luminosity distance is published for this transient, so neither its distance from Earth nor its lookback time can be stated. A redshift requires a spectrum, and a photometric redshift requires multi-band imaging that has not been reported. Without a distance, its intrinsic luminosity and total energy release are also undetermined. Check the sources below for follow-up spectroscopy or host-galaxy identification.
What does the cosmological redshift of SN2011kc tell us about the expansion of space? Cosmic Distance & Time
No spectroscopic redshift has been measured for SN2011kc. Without a published z, its place in the Hubble flow, recession velocity, and lookback time cannot be stated. A redshift requires a spectrum (or a well-calibrated photometric redshift from multi-band imaging). Check the sources below for follow-up spectroscopy.
How bright did SN2011kc become at its peak, and how many Suns does that equal? Explosion Energetics
At peak brightness, SN2011kc achieved an apparent magnitude of 17.6 around 2011/12/27.
How much total energy was released by SN2011kc, and where did that energy go? Explosion Energetics
Type Ia events are typically associated with a kinetic energy scale of order 10⁵¹ ergs, with little neutrino emission compared to core-collapse. That is a class expectation—not a calorimetry measurement for SN2011kc.
How fast are the supernova ejecta and shockwave of SN2011kc expanding through space? Explosion Energetics
No ejecta velocity is measured for SN2011kc. Blast-wave speed is obtained from Doppler shifts of spectral absorption features (e.g. Si II λ6355 for Type Ia), not from cosmological redshift. Any recession velocity derived from z describes Hubble flow, not the explosion debris. Type Ia events typically show ejecta speeds of order ~11,000 km/s near maximum, but that class scale is not a measurement of SN2011kc.
What powers the prolonged glow of SN2011kc weeks and months after detonation? Radioactive Engine
After peak, Type Ia light curves are generally powered by the radioactive chain ⁵⁶Ni → ⁵⁶Co → ⁵⁶Fe (half-lives ≈6.1 d and ≈77.2 d). Typical Type Ia events synthesize of order half a solar mass of freshly made Nickel-56 (which later decays into Iron-56); that is a class expectation, not a measured nickel mass for SN2011kc. Estimating M(⁵⁶Ni) for this object requires a bolometric light-curve fit that is not published here.
What chemical elements did SN2011kc create and disperse into the universe? Nucleosynthesis & Elements
Type Ia explosions are efficient producers of iron-peak elements via thermonuclear burning. Models typically yield substantial ⁵⁶Ni (which decays to stable ⁵⁶Fe), plus silicon, sulfur, calcium, and related species—consistent with the Si II features used in classification. No object-specific nucleosynthetic yield has been published for SN2011kc; asserting that this event synthesized half a solar mass of iron would overstate the evidence.
Did SN2011kc leave behind a black hole, a neutron star, or nothing at all? Cosmic Remnant
Nothing remains at the center. Because a Type Ia supernova involves the total thermonuclear disruption of the progenitor white dwarf, the entire star was incinerated and flung into space. There is no central neutron star, pulsar, or black hole left behind. The star's entire mass now exists as an expanding gaseous shell traveling through the host galaxy.
What will SN2011kc's explosion site look like in 1,000 to 10,000 years? Cosmic Remnant
Supernova remnants in general evolve through free-expansion, Sedov–Taylor, and radiative phases over centuries to millennia, sometimes becoming bright X-ray shells and occasionally compressing nearby molecular clouds. These are standard remnant-evolution models, not forecasts measured for SN2011kc. Whether this site will trigger star formation, reach particular X-ray temperatures, or match Cassiopeia A depends on local density and magnetic field—none of which are constrained by the data shown here.
In which galaxy did SN2011kc explode, and where is it located relative to the galactic center? Galactic Environment
SN2011kc is associated with cataloged host A103551+4109 at an angular/physical offset of 0.40″ from the reported galactic center. That offset places the transient in the host's projected light distribution; it does not by itself prove which stellar population produced the progenitor.
Where is SN2011kc located in the night sky and which constellation is it in? Sky Coordinates
In the celestial sphere, SN2011kc is located at Right Ascension 10:35:51.00 and Declination +41:09:59.4, situated in the constellation Leo Minor (The Lesser Lion). Because its declination is +41:09:59.4, it is primarily placed in the Northern celestial hemisphere.
How much Milky Way interstellar dust obscures our view of SN2011kc? Interstellar Dust
Along this line of sight, the catalog records a Milky Way foreground color excess of E(B−V) = 0.0112 mag (source: published extinction estimate), corresponding to roughly A_V ≈ 0.03 mag for R_V = 3.1. Band-specific corrections (e.g. A_r) differ from A_V and should be applied when available. Map-based values (IRSA / Schlafly & Finkbeiner 2011) must not be claimed unless that map was actually queried.
Across which photometric filter bands was SN2011kc monitored? Astronomical Observations
No calibrated photometry is published for SN2011kc. Without multi-epoch flux measurements, neither a light curve nor a peak magnitude can be established. Follow-up imaging from survey alert streams would be required to map its brightness evolution.
What did astronomical spectroscopy reveal about SN2011kc's chemical makeup? Astronomical Observations
No spectrum has been published for SN2011kc. Without spectroscopy, its chemical composition, expansion velocity, and physical classification cannot be established. Classification spectra from follow-up observatories would be required to identify diagnostic absorption and emission lines.
Who discovered SN2011kc and how was it first detected? Discovery & History
SN2011kc was officially reported on 2011/12/28 by Drake et al.. Discoveries are typically flagged by high-cadence robotic survey telescopes (such as ATLAS, ZTF, Pan-STARRS, ASAS-SN, or Gaia) and worldwide amateur astronomers scanning the night sky, followed by rapid spectroscopic classification by international observatories.
How many scientific publications and observatories have contributed data to SN2011kc? Scientific Research
Data for SN2011kc are compiled from international astronomical notices, the IAU Transient Name Server (TNS), and peer-reviewed astrophysical journals.
What other names and survey identifiers exist for SN2011kc? Cross-Identifications
Throughout global alert streams and survey databases, SN2011kc has also been designated as: CSS111228:103551+410959, TCP J10355100+4109594, TCP J10355100+4109594. These cross-matched identifiers allow astronomers to cross-reference observations across the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), Pan-STARRS, Gaia Photometric Science Alerts, and the IAU Transient Name Server (TNS).
How does SN2011kc contribute to measuring the Hubble Constant and the scale of the cosmos? Cosmology & Distance Ladder
Because SN2011kc is a Type Ia supernova, it serves as an indispensable rung on the Cosmic Distance Ladder. Astrophysicists utilize the Phillips relation—a tight empirical correlation between peak absolute magnitude and light curve decline rate (Δm₁₅)—to standardize its luminosity. By comparing this calibrated intrinsic brightness with observed apparent magnitude, researchers calculate precise geometric distances across the universe, providing key empirical tests of the Hubble constant (H₀) and dark energy.
Could gravitational waves or neutrinos from SN2011kc be detected on Earth? Multi-Messenger Astronomy
For thermonuclear explosions like SN2011kc, gravitational wave and neutrino emissions are negligible compared to core-collapse events. However, multi-messenger radio and X-ray observations are crucial: detecting synchrotron radio emission would reveal circumstellar gas shed by a companion star, helping settle the century-old debate between single-degenerate and double-degenerate white dwarf progenitor channels.
How does SN2011kc compare to famous historical supernovae like SN 1987A or the Crab Supernova? Historical Comparison
Compared to historical landmarks like SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (168,000 light-years away, naked-eye peak m = 2.9) or the Crab Supernova of 1054 (6,500 light-years away), the distance to SN2011kc is not measured, so no such comparison can be drawn. While historical naked-eye supernovae occurred within our Milky Way or its immediate satellites, modern discoveries like SN2011kc allow astrophysicists to probe diverse galactic environments, metallicities, and stellar populations across the broader universe.
Can I see SN2011kc tonight with a backyard telescope or binoculars? Backyard Observation
Unknown — no measured brightness. SN2011kc was discovered 5436 days ago (2011/12/28), but no calibrated photometry is published for it, so its current apparent magnitude cannot be stated. Without a magnitude there is no basis for a telescope-aperture recommendation. Use the coordinates and airmass chart above to plan a follow-up observation and report what you measure.
Does the radiation or shockwave from SN2011kc pose any threat to Earth? Planetary Safety
Earth is in no danger from SN2011kc. The astrophysical 'lethal kill zone' for a supernova to damage our ozone layer is roughly 50 to 100 light-years. This transient is far outside the solar neighbourhood: it was discovered by a wide-field survey at a magnitude only reachable for an extragalactic object, and any transient in our own galaxy within that radius would have appeared far brighter than the ~18th magnitude reported here. Its exact distance is unmeasured, but the detection brightness alone rules out any nearby threat.
Data sourced from IAU TNS, ALeRCE, WISeREP, and the sne.space. View All General Astrophysics FAQs →
View Full Scientific Data & Plots in Pro Cockpit →