PS15bae: What Happened, Distance & Viewing Guide

Q: What type of supernova is PS15bae and what kind of star exploded?

PS15bae is a Type II Core-Collapse Supernova, marking the death of an evolved red supergiant star (with an initial mass between 8 and 25 times our Sun) that preserved its vast outer hydrogen envelope. Having exhausted all nuclear fuel through successive stages of fusion (hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon), its inert iron core could no longer withstand gravitational pressure. In less than a quarter of a second, the iron core collapsed into nuclear density, triggering a catastrophic outward shockwave that blasted the star's outer layers into interstellar space.

Q: How far away is PS15bae from Earth and how old is the light reaching us?

PS15bae is located approximately 205.6 Million Light-Years from Earth (cosmological redshift z = 0.014093, luminosity distance d_L = 63.0423). Because electromagnetic radiation travels at 299,792 km/s, the photons detected by modern telescopes began their cosmic voyage 205.6 million years ago during the Triassic period as the earliest dinosaurs and mammals were just evolving. While that light traveled across intergalactic space, Earth's continents shifted and biological evolution shaped the history of our planet.

Q: What does the cosmological redshift of PS15bae tell us about the expansion of space?

PS15bae exhibits a measured spectroscopic redshift of z = 0.0141. Under Hubble's Law, this redshift corresponds to an apparent recessional velocity of approximately 4,225.0 km/s away from our Milky Way galaxy. This redshift is not motion through space alone, but the stretching of light waves as the fabric of the universe itself expanded during the millions of years the photons traveled to our telescopes.

Q: How much total energy was released by PS15bae, and where did that energy go?

The collapse of PS15bae's progenitor released a staggering 10⁵³ ergs of gravitational binding energy—more energy than our Sun will radiate across its entire 10-billion-year lifespan! Astonishingly, 99% of this titanic energy was emitted within 10 seconds in the form of trillions of nearly massless neutrinos. Only about 1% (10⁵¹ ergs) drove the physical kinetic blast wave, and a mere 0.01% (10⁴⁹ ergs) was radiated as the visible starlight observed by telescopes.

          🔭 Deep Field (~2.1′ FOV) · Highest-Definition Optical Field (0.25″/pix)
        

● PS15bae Explosion Site

High-magnification deep optical view into PS15bae's host environment. Pan and scroll to explore the cosmic neighborhood where this star exploded.

⚡ Quick Observer Facts & Telemetry

IAU Transients DB

🌐 Distance to Earth

205.6 Million Light-Years

Lookback Cosmic Time

✨ Peak Brightness

Mag 16.3

Astro Camera (CCD)

☀️ Peak Radiance

1.0 billion Suns

Combined Stellar Energy

🚀 Shock Velocity

~4,195 km/s

~1.4% Speed of Light

🌌 Host Galaxy

NGC 5695

Center Coincident

🧭 Constellation

Boötes

The Herdsman

💥 Explosion Physics

Type II

Core-Collapse Supergiant

📅 Discovered On

2015/06/10

Ron Arbour

CHAPTER I

The Iron Core Collapse of a Dying Supergiant

On 2015/06/10, astronomers scanning the heavens flagged a sudden, violent pinpoint of light that had flared into visibility. Designated PS15bae, it represents a catastrophic stellar explosion classified as a Type II supernova.

The progenitor of PS15bae was a mammoth supergiant star, shining with the furious vigor of an object at least 8 to 25 times more massive than our Sun. For millions of years, it synthesized heavier and heavier elements in concentric onion-like shells: hydrogen burning into helium, helium into carbon, carbon into oxygen, neon, and silicon. But when silicon fused into iron, the stellar engine ran out of fuel. Iron fusion absorbs energy rather than liberating it; within fractions of a second, the iron core collapsed under its own gravity, rebounding into an immense cosmic shockwave that blasted the star into pieces.

Astrophysical Mechanism Summary

Type: Type II • Progenitor: Massive Red/Stripped Supergiant Star • Velocity: ~4,195 km/s (~1.4% c)

CHAPTER II

A Message Across Deep Cosmic Time

The light from PS15bae is a dispatch from an ancient past. Located approximately 205.6 Million Light-Years away (redshift z = 0.014093), the photons detected by telescopes today began their journey 205.6 million years ago during the Triassic period as the earliest dinosaurs and mammals were just evolving.

While this burst of electromagnetic radiation traversed the cold void of intergalactic space at 299,792 kilometers per second, continents on Earth drifted, mountain ranges rose, and entire ecosystems rose and fell. To look into a telescope at PS15bae is to gaze directly into prehistoric cosmic time.

CHAPTER III

Incandescence of 1.0 billion Suns

At the height of the outburst around 2015/06/21, PS15bae surged to a peak apparent magnitude of 16.3 and an intrinsic absolute magnitude of -17.683. At that instant, this single dying star radiated with the collective power of approximately 1.0 billion Suns combined, outshining whole dwarf galaxies and illuminating the surrounding interstellar medium.

The total energy released by the cataclysm was on the order of 10⁵¹ to 10⁵³ ergs. Over 99% of this energy was emitted within the first 10 seconds as a dense burst of trillions of neutrinos, with only 1% driving the visible blast wave.

CHAPTER IV

The Radioactive Furnace: Why Supernovae Glow for Months

Unlike a conventional terrestrial explosion that cools and goes dark in seconds, PS15bae shone brightly for weeks and months. The secret behind this prolonged celestial glow is nuclear physics: the extreme heat and pressure of detonation synthesized vast quantities of radioactive Nickel-56 (⁵⁶Ni).

With a half-life of 6.075 days, Nickel-56 decays into Cobalt-56 (⁵⁶Co), emitting gamma rays and high-energy positrons that heat the expanding ejecta from within. Cobalt-56 in turn decays with a half-life of 77.2 days into stable Iron-56 (⁵⁶Fe), powering the steady exponential radioactive tail observed in the light curve.

CHAPTER V

Cosmic Kiln: Seeding the Elements of Life

Supernovae are the premier chemical foundries of our universe. PS15bae forged and liberated tons of newly synthesized elements: vast reservoirs of oxygen (the most abundant heavy element in living organisms), carbon, nitrogen, magnesium, and silicon.

As Carl Sagan famously observed, "We are made of star-stuff." The iron atoms that carry oxygen in human hemoglobin and the calcium in our bones were originally forged in explosions identical to PS15bae billions of years ago.

CHAPTER VI

Galactic Setting in Boötes

PS15bae detonated inside NGC 5695. In our terrestrial sky, it resides in the constellation Boötes (The Herdsman) at Right Ascension 14:37:21.60 and Declination +36:34:01.8.

CHAPTER VII

The Scientific Surveillance Campaign

Following its discovery by Ron Arbour, observatories worldwide swung their lenses toward PS15bae. In the Open Supernova Catalog, PS15bae is documented across 0 photometric measurements and 0 spectroscopic epochs. These multi-wavelength observations allow astrophysicists to model the expanding photosphere, measure shock velocities, and probe circumstellar interactions.

CHAPTER VIII

Stargazer's Field Guide: Can You See It Tonight?

Can I see it tonight? No — this supernova is physically extinguished.

Supernovae are brief, explosive cosmic catastrophes. They brighten over days to weeks and then permanently fade into darkness as their radioactive nickel-56 and cobalt-56 fuel decays. This explosion occurred 11.3 years ago (2015/06/21). Accounting for cosmological time dilation at redshift z = 0.0141, the rest-frame age is +4059.8 days. By standard radioactive decay templates, its optical brightness has decayed by Δm ≈ 40.9 magnitudes to an estimated magnitude 57.2, rendering the transient undetectable to all ground-based observatories.

Instrument Breakdown: At its maximum brightness in 2015/06/21, it reached magnitude 16.30 (Amateur CMOS Rig). Tonight, pointing a telescope at these coordinates will reveal only the background host galaxy (NGC 5695).

Instrument Class & Aperture	Sensitivity Limit	At Peak Maximum (m=16.30)	Tonight (Est. m≈57.2)
Naked Eye Dark sky site (Bortle 1–3) with no optical aid	m ≤ 6.0	❌ Below limit	❌ Below limit
Binoculars (50mm) Standard 7x50 or 10x50 handheld binoculars	m ≤ 9.5	❌ Below limit	❌ Below limit
Small Backyard Scope (4" / 100mm) Entry 4-inch (100mm) refractor / reflector	m ≤ 12.0	❌ Below limit	❌ Below limit
Medium Amateur Scope (8"–12") 8-inch to 12-inch Dobsonian or Schmidt-Cassegrain	m ≤ 14.5	❌ Below limit	❌ Below limit
Amateur CMOS Rig Cooled monochrome/color CMOS camera with multi-hour stack	m ≤ 19.5	✅ Detectable	❌ Below limit
2m–3m Research Telescope University or regional observatory (e.g. Palomar 60", Calar Alto)	m ≤ 22.0	✅ Detectable	❌ Below limit
Giant 8m–10m Observatories Keck (10m), VLT (8.2m), Gemini, Subaru optical imaging	m ≤ 25.0	✅ Detectable	❌ Below limit
Space Observatories Only Hubble Space Telescope (WFC3) / JWST (NIRCam deep stack)	m ≤ 30.0	✅ Detectable	❌ Below limit

Planetary Safety Note: Even though PS15bae was a titanic explosion, our planet sits safely outside the lethal 50–100 light-year kill zone. At a distance of 205.6 Million Light-Years, the blast poses zero physical hazard to Earth's biosphere.

🌌 Cosmic Neighbors & Contemporaries 110,222+ Transients Indexed

Cataloged supernovae closest to PS15bae in discovery time, spatial sky neighborhood, and cosmological lookback epoch:

⏱️ Closest in Time

PS15asa Exploded same day

Type Candidate 2015/06/10 · Mag 19.67

PS15asb Exploded same day

Type Ia 2015/06/10 · Mag 17.73

PS15asw Exploded same day

Type Transient 2015/06/10 · Mag 20.44

🔭 Closest on the Sky

PS1-14nd 19.0′ away

Type Transient Discovered 2014/02/21

MLS160603:143614+360617 30.9′ away

Type Candidate Discovered 2016/06/03

PS1-14tb 33.3′ away

Type Transient Discovered 2014/03/18

🌌 Same Cosmic Era (Redshift)

SN2025ikl z = 0.01409

Type Ib ~193.0 Mly lookback

SN1992al z = 0.0141

Type Ia ~193.1 Mly lookback

SN2008ib z = 0.0141

Type Transient ~193.1 Mly lookback

❓ Frequently Asked Questions About PS15bae

Scientific & observational Q&As indexed from astronomical databases & the Open Supernova Catalog

What type of supernova is PS15bae and what kind of star exploded? Astrophysics & Progenitor

PS15bae is a Type II Core-Collapse Supernova, marking the death of an evolved red supergiant star (with an initial mass between 8 and 25 times our Sun) that preserved its vast outer hydrogen envelope. Having exhausted all nuclear fuel through successive stages of fusion (hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon), its inert iron core could no longer withstand gravitational pressure. In less than a quarter of a second, the iron core collapsed into nuclear density, triggering a catastrophic outward shockwave that blasted the star's outer layers into interstellar space.

What was the progenitor star doing in the millions of years leading up to PS15bae? Astrophysics & Progenitor

Before detonating as PS15bae, the progenitor lived a short, furious stellar life of roughly 10 to 30 million years. In its interior, temperatures and pressures reached astronomical extremes, burning through nuclear fuel in an 'onion-skin' arrangement of concentric shells: hydrogen burning into helium for millions of years, helium into carbon for hundreds of thousands of years, carbon into neon for centuries, oxygen into silicon for months, and silicon fusing into iron in mere days! Once iron filled the core, fusion could no longer extract energy, dooming the star to sudden gravitational collapse.

How far away is PS15bae from Earth and how old is the light reaching us? Cosmic Distance & Time

PS15bae is located approximately 205.6 Million Light-Years from Earth (cosmological redshift z = 0.014093, luminosity distance d_L = 63.0423). Because electromagnetic radiation travels at 299,792 km/s, the photons detected by modern telescopes began their cosmic voyage 205.6 million years ago during the Triassic period as the earliest dinosaurs and mammals were just evolving. While that light traveled across intergalactic space, Earth's continents shifted and biological evolution shaped the history of our planet.

What does the cosmological redshift of PS15bae tell us about the expansion of space? Cosmic Distance & Time

PS15bae exhibits a measured spectroscopic redshift of z = 0.0141. Under Hubble's Law, this redshift corresponds to an apparent recessional velocity of approximately 4,225.0 km/s away from our Milky Way galaxy. This redshift is not motion through space alone, but the stretching of light waves as the fabric of the universe itself expanded during the millions of years the photons traveled to our telescopes.

How bright did PS15bae become at its peak, and how many Suns does that equal? Explosion Energetics

At peak brightness, PS15bae achieved an apparent magnitude of 16.3 around 2015/06/21. Corrected for cosmic distance and foreground interstellar dust, its intrinsic absolute magnitude was -17.683. At this peak, the exploding star radiated with the incandescent brilliance of approximately 1.0 billion Suns combined, briefly outshining the cumulative starlight of entire dwarf galaxies!

How much total energy was released by PS15bae, and where did that energy go? Explosion Energetics

The collapse of PS15bae's progenitor released a staggering 10⁵³ ergs of gravitational binding energy—more energy than our Sun will radiate across its entire 10-billion-year lifespan! Astonishingly, 99% of this titanic energy was emitted within 10 seconds in the form of trillions of nearly massless neutrinos. Only about 1% (10⁵¹ ergs) drove the physical kinetic blast wave, and a mere 0.01% (10⁴⁹ ergs) was radiated as the visible starlight observed by telescopes.

How fast are the supernova ejecta and shockwave of PS15bae expanding through space? Explosion Energetics

The debris and shockwave of PS15bae erupted into space at an astounding velocity of approximately 4,195 km/s (measured spectroscopically). This corresponds to roughly 1.4% of the speed of light (Mach 12,231 in air)! At this blistering speed, the expanding debris shell traverses the entire diameter of planet Earth in just 3.04 seconds, carving a giant bubble in the interstellar medium.

What powers the prolonged glow of PS15bae weeks and months after detonation? Radioactive Engine

While the initial flash of PS15bae was driven by shock breakout heating through the stellar envelope, its prolonged visibility over weeks and months was sustained by the radioactive decay of approximately 0.05 to 0.15 solar masses of Nickel-56 (⁵⁶Ni) forged in the core shock. As ⁵⁶Ni decays into ⁵⁶Co (half-life: 6.1 days) and then into stable ⁵⁶Fe (half-life: 77.2 days), gamma rays and positrons thermalize within the expanding ejecta, preventing the debris from instantly freezing in the vacuum of space.

What chemical elements did PS15bae create and disperse into the universe? Nucleosynthesis & Elements

Core-collapse supernovae like PS15bae are the primary creators of life-sustaining elements in the cosmos. The explosion manufactured and dispersed immense reservoirs of oxygen (the single most abundant heavy element in the universe), alongside carbon, nitrogen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and calcium (which builds terrestrial bones and teeth). In the ultra-dense, neutron-rich shockwave, rapid neutron capture (r-process nucleosynthesis) forged heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium.

Did PS15bae leave behind a black hole, a neutron star, or nothing at all? Cosmic Remnant

The crushing core collapse of PS15bae's progenitor forged an ultra-dense compact stellar remnant at the center of the detonation. If the progenitor had an initial mass under ~20 solar masses, it left behind a neutron star (pulsar)—packing the mass of our entire Sun into a city-sized sphere barely 20 kilometers wide, spinning dozens or hundreds of times per second. If the progenitor exceeded ~25–30 solar masses, gravity overcame neutron degeneracy pressure, creating a permanent stellar-mass black hole.

What will PS15bae's explosion site look like in 1,000 to 10,000 years? Cosmic Remnant

Over the coming millennia, the explosion site of PS15bae will undergo three dramatic evolutionary epochs: During the next few centuries (Free Expansion phase), the ejecta shell will continue expanding at thousands of km/s. Between 500 and 10,000 years (the Sedov-Taylor adiabatic phase), the forward shock will sweep up hundreds of solar masses of interstellar gas, heating it to tens of millions of degrees and glowing in bright thermal X-rays (similar to the famous Cygnus Loop or Cassiopeia A). Eventually, the cooling shock will compress nearby giant molecular clouds, triggering the gravitational collapse of new stars and solar systems!

In which galaxy did PS15bae explode, and where is it located relative to the galactic center? Galactic Environment

PS15bae is associated with NGC 5695. High-precision astrometry from optical sky surveys pins the explosion coordinates directly to the galaxy's underlying stellar population.

Where is PS15bae located in the night sky and which constellation is it in? Sky Coordinates

In the celestial sphere, PS15bae is located at Right Ascension 14:37:21.60 and Declination +36:34:01.8, situated in the constellation Boötes (The Herdsman). Because its declination is +36:34:01.8, it is primarily placed in the Northern celestial hemisphere.

How much Milky Way interstellar dust obscures our view of PS15bae? Interstellar Dust

Light from PS15bae passed through interstellar dust in the Milky Way, suffering a foreground color excess of E(B-V) = 0.012 magnitudes (based on Schlafly & Finkbeiner 2011 galactic recalibrations). This cosmic dust absorbs and scatters shorter blue wavelengths, dimming the transient by approximately A_V ≈ 0.04 magnitudes in visual light.

Across which photometric filter bands was PS15bae monitored? Astronomical Observations

Photometric light curves for PS15bae were acquired through standard astronomical alert streams and survey programs, measuring flux across optical passbands to map its peak magnitude and fading rate.

What did astronomical spectroscopy reveal about PS15bae's chemical makeup? Astronomical Observations

Spectroscopic observations of PS15bae confirmed its astrophysical classification by dissecting its light into individual wavelengths. Absorption and emission line features reveal the chemical composition, expansion velocity, and temperature of the expanding fireball.

Who discovered PS15bae and how was it first detected? Discovery & History

PS15bae was officially reported on 2015/06/10 by Ron Arbour. Discoveries are typically flagged by high-cadence robotic survey telescopes (such as ATLAS, ZTF, Pan-STARRS, ASAS-SN, or Gaia) and worldwide amateur astronomers scanning the night sky, followed by rapid spectroscopic classification by international observatories.

How many scientific publications and observatories have contributed data to PS15bae? Scientific Research

Data for PS15bae are compiled from international astronomical notices, the IAU Transient Name Server (TNS), and peer-reviewed astrophysical journals.

What other names and survey identifiers exist for PS15bae? Cross-Identifications

Throughout global alert streams and survey databases, PS15bae has also been designated as: PSN J14372160+3634018, PSN J14372160+363401. These cross-matched identifiers allow astronomers to cross-reference observations across the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), Pan-STARRS, Gaia Photometric Science Alerts, and the IAU Transient Name Server (TNS).

How does PS15bae contribute to measuring the Hubble Constant and the scale of the cosmos? Cosmology & Distance Ladder

As a core-collapse supernova, PS15bae provides independent cosmological distance calibrations via the Expanding Photosphere Method (EPM) and the Standard Candle Method for Type II supernovae (SCM-II). By correlating the physical expansion speed of the photosphere (measured via spectroscopic Doppler shifts) with its photometric color temperature, astronomers determine direct geometric distances independent of secondary distance ladders.

Could gravitational waves or neutrinos from PS15bae be detected on Earth? Multi-Messenger Astronomy

Core-collapse supernovae like PS15bae are premier targets for multi-messenger astrophysics! During the collapse of the iron core, an intense burst of 10⁵⁸ neutrinos escaped into space hours before the shock broke out through the stellar surface (as famously seen in SN 1987A). Furthermore, violent core asymmetries and non-axisymmetric core bounce can emit high-frequency gravitational waves detectable by advanced interferometers (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA) for events within the Milky Way and Local Group.

How does PS15bae compare to famous historical supernovae like SN 1987A or the Crab Supernova? Historical Comparison

Compared to historical landmarks like SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (168,000 light-years away, naked-eye peak m = 2.9) or the Crab Supernova of 1054 (6,500 light-years away), PS15bae occurred at a distance of 205.6 Million Light-Years. While historical naked-eye supernovae occurred within our Milky Way or its immediate satellites, modern discoveries like PS15bae allow astrophysicists to probe diverse galactic environments, metallicities, and stellar populations across the broader universe.

Can I see PS15bae tonight with a backyard telescope or binoculars? Backyard Observation

PS15bae exploded 11.3 years ago (2015/06/10). Optical transient emission has completely faded along its radioactive decay curve. Today, pointing a telescope at these coordinates reveals the expanding remnant nebula or NGC 5695; the original optical transient is no longer detectable with amateur backyard equipment.

Does the radiation or shockwave from PS15bae pose any threat to Earth? Planetary Safety

No, Earth is in zero danger. Supernovae are violent events emitting powerful gamma rays, X-rays, and cosmic rays; however, the astrophysical 'lethal kill zone' for our planet's protective ozone layer is estimated at 50 to 100 light-years. At a distance of 205.6 Million Light-Years, the inverse-square law dilutes the radiation by quintillions of times, making PS15bae completely harmless to our biosphere and purely a fascinating spectacle for human exploration.

Data sourced from IAU TNS, ALeRCE, WISeREP, and the Open Supernova Catalog. View All General Astrophysics FAQs →

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The Story of Supernova PS15bae